Vulgate da sauran tsofaffin fassarori

Bayan zaman bauta, Yahudawa da yawa suna jin Arameyanci, aka kuma fara bin karatun Nassi a majami’a da fassara a Arameyanci; ana kiran waɗannan fassarori masu ’yanci, masu bayani, targum. Masana da yawa suna ganin Nehemiya 8:8 yana kwatanta wannan al’ada. Targum na Onkelos a kan Doka ya sami tabbatacciyar siffarsa kimanin ƙarni na 2 ko na 3 B.H. Kiristoci masu jin Suriyanci suna da Diatessaron na Tatian, haɗin Linjila huɗu da aka yi kimanin 170 B.H., daga baya kuma Peshitta, fassara “mai sauƙi”, da aka sāke dubawa kimanin ƙarshen ƙarni na 4.

A Yamma, Tsohuwar Latin (Old Latin), da aka fassara daga Hellenanci, ana amfani da ita ya zuwa kimanin 250 B.H. A 382 Fafaroma Damasus ya roƙi masani Jerome ya sāke duba Linjila; daga baya, kusa da Betlehem, Jerome ya fassara yawancin Tsohon Alkawari daga Ibrananci, kimanin 390–405. Da farko an soki aikinsa, amma ya zama Vulgate, Littafi Mai Tsarki “na gama gari”; a 1546 Majalisar Trent ta mai da shi Littafi Mai Tsarki na Latin na hukuma na Ikkilisiyar Katolika. Wasu jama’o’i sun sami Littafi Mai Tsarki a harsunansu, wani lokaci tare da sababbin haruffa: Kibtanci a Masar kimanin ƙarni na 3, Gotik ta hannun Ulfilas a ƙarni na 4, Armeniyanci a ƙarni na 5, Ge’ez a Habasha, da Slavonik ta hannun ’yan’uwa Cyril da Methodius a ƙarni na 9.